Which action constitutes deadly force if used with a vehicle?

• A. Shouting commands from a moving vehicle.
• B. Pulling over a suspect with lights.
• C. Using a vehicle in a manner that results in the death of a suspect.
• D. Firing non-lethal devices from a vehicle.

Answer: (C)

Deadly force is any use of force that creates a substantial risk of causing death or serious bodily harm. Using a vehicle in a way that results in the death of a suspect fits this definition because it directly produces the outcome that defines deadly force—death.

Shouting commands from a moving vehicle or pulling over with lights are standard, non-lethal techniques aimed at apprehension and do not inherently create a deadly risk. Firing non-lethal devices is designed to avoid causing lethal harm, so it isn’t considered deadly force when used as intended.